Autonom Health-GesundheitsbildungsGmbH
Autonom Health-GesundheitsbildungsGmbH

Die Bedeutung der Herzratenvariabilität

Herzratenvariabilität Messung als Lebensfeuerbild

Gesundheit in Bildern und Zahlen

Die Herzratenvariabilität (HRV) ist ein Maß für die gesamte Anpassungsfähigkeit eines Organismus und damit ein Maß für Gesundheit. Die Herzratenvariabilität errechnet sich aus den millisekundengenauen Abständen zwischen den einzelnen Herzschlägen eines Menschen. Die Veränderung dieser zeitlichen Abstände ist ein Maß für die Regulationsfähigkeit des Autonomen Nervensystems.

Das Autonome Nervensystem steuert alle wesentlichen Funktionsabläufe im menschlichen Organismus. Das Zusammenspiel seiner beiden Äste – Sympathikus für Leistung und Parasympathikus oder Vagus für Regeneration – kann durch die Messung der Herzratenvariabilität als evidenzbasierte vegetative Funktionsdiagnostik erfasst und sichtbar gemacht werden.

Lebensfeuer Galerie

Wie funktioniert eine HRV-Messung?

Wir messen die Herzatenvariabilität mit einem Brustgurt oder über einen kleinen HRV-Rekorder, der mit zwei Klebeelektroden auf Ihrem Brustkorb fixiert wird. Mit den Messgeräten können und sollen Sie Ihrem gewöhnlichen Tagesablauf mit Freizeit, Sport, Arbeit und Schlaf ungestört nachgehen.
Direkt nach dem Anlegen beginnt die Messung automatisch. Schon während der Messung (Brustgurtsystem) bzw. nach dem Ende der Aufzeichnung werden die Daten über den integrierten USB-Anschluss auf den Computer übertragen (Rekordersystem). Alle Ergebnisse sind sofort im Analyseportal abrufbar.

Wozu soll ich 24 Stunden messen?

Die Herzratenvariabilität liefert bereits bei einer Kurzzeit-Messung über fünf Minuten wesentliche Informationen. Messungen über 24 Stunden erlauben einen dynamischen Einblick in die funktionelle Alltagsphysiologie eines Menschen und seiner adaptiv-antizipativ ablaufenden Reaktionsmuster. Das Ausmaß der Anpassungsfähigkeit an Stress kann aus gesetzmäßig einander bedingenden biologischen Mustern abgelesen werden.

Welche Ergebnisse bekomme ich?

Die rund 100 000 Herzschlagdaten einer 24h-Messung werden von unserer Software über eine mathematische Methode (AR) in ein Diagramm transformiert. Die Farbdarstellung dieses Diagramms gleicht einem Feuer. Je intensiver und dichter die Farben (blau, rot, gelb etc.) und je höher die „Flammen“ im „Lebensfeuer“ lodern, desto höher die Herzratenvariabilität und damit fitter und vitaler ist die Person aktuell.

Kurz- und Langzeitmessungen 100%
Zeit- und Frequenzbereiche 100%
medizinisches Hintergrundwissen 100%
international anerkannte Expertise in HRV 100%

Unsere Software

liefert per Mausklick detailliert statistisch aufbereitete geschlechts- und alterskorrelierte Ergebnisse zu allen Zeit- und Frequenzdaten der Herzratenvariabilität (min/max HR, avg. HR, Total Power, VLF, ULF, LF, HF, …) und alle wichtigen Grafiken (HRV-Spektrogramm „Lebensfeuer“, Pulskurve, Atmung, Puls-Atem-Quotient, Scatterplot, Histogramm, Tachogramm) inklusive Zoom-Funktion.
Mit der Click&See-Funktion können Aktivitäten umfassend analysiert und HRV-Daten zu jedem Messzeitpunkt eingesehen werden. Die Software errechnet mittels referenzierender Algorithmen auf Basis physiologischer Gesetzmäßigkeiten mehr als 100 Ergebnisse  in Form von (Ampel)grafiken und Zahlenwerten und auf Wunsch bis zu 50 Seiten PDF-Dokumentation pro Messung. Unsere HRV-Analyse wird laufend weiterentwickelt, verfügt über ein 6-faches Filtersystem und greift auf eine Datenbank mit mehr als 50.000 Messungen zu.

1996 wurde von der Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology und der North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology Richtlinien zur Durchführung und Analyse von HRV Messungen festgelegt.
Unsere Software entspricht diesen Richtlinien zu 100%.

(Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Heart rate variability. Standards of measurement, physiologic interpretation, and clinical use. Circulation 1996; 93:1043-1065)

Herratenvariabilität als Lebensfeuerbild

Technologie & Datensicherheit

  • >19 Jahre HRV-Erfahrung
  • Datenbank mit > 40.000 Messungen
  • > 15 Personenjahre Software-Entwicklung
  • ständige Weiterentwicklung (Aussagekraft & Benutzerfreundlichkeit)
  • 99,99% Stabilität der verfügbaren Web Services
  • geprüfte, größtmögliche Datensicherheit
  • Mehrsprachigkeit
  • Datenupload & Komplett-Ergebnisse in < 1 Minute
  • weltweiter Zugriff auf die Analysesoftware

Usability & Zusatzoptionen

  • einfache Eingabe von Profilen, Aktivitäten, Selbsteinschätzungen mit der Aktivitäten App
  • unkompliziertes Einspielen aller Daten in das Analyseportal (PnP, Upload in <30 Sekunden)
  • Daten-Auswertung verschiedenster Messgeräte (MegaEMG, Firstbeat, Garmin, Suunto, Polar, …)
  • Einsicht der Analysedaten für KlientInnen und Gesundheitsdienstleister
  • Messungen posten, kommentieren und diskutieren in der Autonom Health Community
  • Zeitersparnis & Selbstüberprüfung durch vollautomatisierte Komplettanalysen

Features & Support

  • geringste Einstiegskosten
  • attraktives Pay-per-Use oder Flatrate System
  • Analysedaten per Mausklick freischaltbar
  • detaillierte statistische Aufbereitung und Dokumentation der Messdaten
  • referenzierende Algorithmen auf Basis physiologischer Gesetzmäßigkeiten
  • geschlechts- & alterskorrelierte Ergebnisse
  • Ergebnis-Datenblätter (PDF) für alle Ergebnisse
  • umfassender Support (Guides in Print- und digitaler Form, Help-Funktion, Hotline)

Stand der Wissenschaft

205

ausgewählte Studien & Publikationen zur Herzratenvariabilität

Seit 1990 erscheinen laufend neue Publikationen zur Thematik der Herzratenvariabilität. Die erste Studie – „Temperatur und Herzrate“ – wurde bereits 1925 publiziert!
Als Hot Topic der Wissenschaft laufen jährlich immer mehr viele Forschungsprojekte in diesem Bereich.
Hier finden Sie einen Auszug aus gegenwärtig mehr als 50.900 Studien und Publikationen (Stand 03/2020).

  1. Vloet, T., Jans, T., Frey, A., Häußler, M., Vloet, A., Geissler, J., Suswind, M., Dobschütz, B., Frantz, S., Romanos, M. (2019). Mean Heart Rate and Parameters of Heart Rate Variability in Depressive Children and the Effects of Antidepressant Medication Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und PsychotherapieVol. 47, No. 3. https://doi.org/10.1024/1422-4917/a000672
  2. Aeschenbacher, S., Schoen, T., Dörig, L., Kreuzmann, R., Neuhauser, C., Schmidt-Trucksäss, A., Probst-Hensch, N., Risch, M., Risch, L. & Conen, D. (2017). Heart rate, heart rate variability and inflammatory biomarkers among young and healthy adults. Ann Med ;49(1):32-41. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2016.1226512. Epub 2016 Nov 12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27534940/
  3. Yamanaka Y, Hashimoto S, Takasu NN, Tanahashi Y, Nishide S,Honma S, Honma K. Morning and evening physical exercise differentially regulate the autonomic nervous system during nocturnal sleep in humans. AmJ Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol309: R1112–R1121, 2015. Firstpublished September 2, 2015; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00127.2015. https://journals.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/ajpregu.00127.2015
  4. Prell, R., Opatz, O., Merati, G., Gesche, B., Gunga, H-C. & Maggioni, M. (2020). Heart Rate Variability, Risk-Taking Behavior and Resilience in Firefighters During a Simulated Extinguish-Fire Task. Frontiers in Physiology. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, 482. doi: 10.3389/fphys. 2020.00482. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7381295/
  5. Chelsea da Estrela, MA, Jennifer McGrath, PhD, MPH, Linda Booij, PhD, Jean-Philippe Gouin, PhD. (2020). Heart Rate Variability, Sleep Quality, and Depression in the Context of Chronic Stress. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, XX:1.10. doi: 10.1093/abm/kaaa039
  6. Buchhorn, Baumann, Willatschek (2020). Heart Rate Variability in a patient with coronavirus disease. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343527891_Heart_Rate_Variability_in_a_Patient_with_Coronavirus_Disease_2019
  7. Hyun Joo Yoo, Julian F Thayer, Steven Greening, Tae-Ho Lee, Allison Ponzio, Jungwon Min, Michiko Sakaki, Lin Nga, Mara Mather & Julian Koenig (2018). Brain Structural Concomitants of Resting State Heart Rate Variability in the Young and Old – Evidence from Two Independent Samples. Brain structure and function 223(2), 727-737.
  8. Francesco Sessa, Valenzano Anna, Giovanni Messina1 Giuseppe Cibelli, Vincenzo Monda, Gabriella Marsala, Maria Ruberto, Antonio Biondi, Orazio Cascio, Giuseppe Bertozzi, Daniela Pisanelli, Francesca Maglietta, Antonietta Messina, Maria P. Mollica & Monica Salerno (2018). Heart rate variability as predictive factor for sudden cardiac death. Aging 2018, Vol. 10(2), 166-177.
  9. Hussein, A., Kumar N, A., Burbano-Fernandez, M., Ramirez-Gonzalez, G., Abdulhay, E. & de Albuquerque, V.H. (2018). An Automated Remote Cloud-Based Heart Rate Variability Monitoring System. IEEE Access XX, 1-10.
  10. Anderson, R., Jönsson, P. & Sandsten, M. (2018). Effects of Age, BMI, Anxiety and Stress on the Parameters of a Stochastic Model for Heart Rate Variability Including Respiratory Information. Proceedings of the 11th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies 4, 17-25.
  11. Laborde, S., Mosley, E. & Thayer, J.F. (2017). Heart rate variability and cardiac vagal tone in psychophysiological research – recommendations for experiment planning, data analysis, and data reporting. Frontiers of psychology 8, 213.
  12. Michael, S., Graham, K.S. & Davis, G.M. (2017). Cardiac autonomic responses during exercise and post-exercise recovery using heart rate variability and systolic time intervals -a review. Frontiers of physiology 8, 301.
  13. Morris, C.J., Taylor, E.P., Hu, K. & Scheer, F. (2016). Circadian misalignment increases cardiovascular disease risk factors in humans. PNAS 113(10), E1402-1411.
  14. Clamor, A., Lincoln, T.M., Thayer, J.F. & Koenig, J, (2016). Resting vagal activity in schizophrenia: meta-analysis of heart rate variability as a potential endophenotype. The british journal of psychiatry 208, 9-16.
  15. König, J. & Thayer, J.F. (2016). Sex differences in healthy human heart rate variability: A meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 64, 288-310.
  16. Draghici, A.E. & Taylor, J.A. (2016). The physiological basis and measurement of heart rate variability in humans. Journal of Physiological Anthropology 35, 22.
  17. Baumert, M., Porta, A., Vos, M.A., Malik, M., Couderc, J.-P., Laguna, P.,  Piccirillo, G., Smith, G.L., Tereshchenko, L.G. &  and Volders, P. (2016). QT interval variability in body surface ECG: measurement, physiological basis, and clinical value: position statement and consensus guidance endorsed by the European Heart Rhythm Association jointly with the ESC Working Group on Cardiac Cellular Electrophysiology. Europace 18, 925-944.
  18. Roberto Sassi, Sergio Cerutti, Federico Lombardi, Marek Malik, Heikki V. Huikuri, Chung-Kang Peng, Georg Schmidt, Yoshiharu Yamamoto, , Bulent Gorenek, Gregory H. Lip, Guido Grassi, Gulmira Kudaiberdieva, James P. Fisher, Markus Zabel, Robert Macfadyen: Advances in heart rate variability signal analysis: joint position statement by the e-Cardiology ESC Working Group and the European Heart Rhythm Association co-endorsed by the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society. Juli 2015
  19. H. Schröder, A. Lohninger: Salutogene Effekte des Lachens und der Herzratenvariabilität – Lachen senkt die Herzfrequenz und erhöht die Herzschlag-Variabilität In: Praxis – Klinische Verhaltensmedizin und Rehabilitation, S. 146-156. 2013
  20. Stefanie Hillebrand, Karin B. Gast, Renée de Mutsert, Cees A. Swenne, J. Wouter Jukema, Saskia Middeldorp, Frits R. Rosendaal, Olaf M. Dekkers: Heart rate variability and first cardiovascular event in populations without known cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis and dose–response meta-regression. Mai 2013

mehr

  1. Rachel Lampert, J. Douglas Bremner, Shaoyong Su, Andrew Miller, Forrester Lee, Faiz Cheema, Jack Goldberg and Viola Vaccarino: Decreased heart rate variability is asscociated with higher levels of inflammation in middle-aged men. October 2008
  2. Aboab J, Polito A, Orlikowski D, Sharshar T, Castel M, Annane D.: Hydrocortisone effects on cardiovascular variability in septic shock: a spectral analysis approach. Crit Care Med. 2008 May; 36(5):1481-6.
  3. Acharya Rajendra U., Joseph Paul K., Kannathal N., Lim Min Choo, Suri S. Jasjit: Heart rate variability: a review. Med Bio Eng Comput. 2006; 44:1031-1051
  4. Bauer A, Kantelhardt JW, Barthel P, Schneider R, Mäkikallio T, Ulm K, Hnatkova K, Schömig A, Huikuri H, Bunde A, Malik M, Schmidt G.: Deceleration capacity of heart rate as a predictor of mortality after myocardial infarction: cohort study. Lancet. 2006 May 20;367(9523):1674-81.
  5. Joseph Pa Delaney, John Kelly, Gavin Sandercock, David A. Brodie: The effects of cardiac rehabilitation on heart rate variability in patients with coronary heart disease, 09/2005
  6. Aoyagi N, Ohashi K, Tomono S, Yamamoto Y.: Temporal contribution of body movement to very long-term heart rate variability in humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2000; 278:H1035-41.
  7. Anderson KP, Shusterman V, Aysin B, Weiss R, Brode S, Gottipaty V.: Distinctive RR dynamics preceding two modes of onset of spontaneous sustained ventricular tachycardia. (ESVEM) Investigators. Electrophysiologic Study Versus Electrocardiographic Monitoring. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1999; 10:897-904.
  8. Bansch D, Brunn J, Castrucci M, Weber M, Gietzen F, Borggrefe M, Breithardt G, Block M. Syncope: Patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: incidence, prediction and implications for driving restrictions. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:608-15.
  9. Barron HV, Michaels AD, Maynard C, Every NR.: Use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors at discharge in patients with acute myocardial infarction in the United States: Data from the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:360-7.
  10. Barron HV, Lesh MD. Autonomic nervous system and sudden cardiac death [published erratum appears in J Am Coll Cardiol 1996 Jul;28(1):286]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27:1053-60.
  11. Bates RA, Hilton MF, Godfrey KR, Chappell MJ. Autonomic function assessment using analysis of heart rate variability. Control Eng. Practice. 1997;5:1731-1737.
  12. Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation. 1996;93:1043-65.
  13. Bayly PV, Johnson EE, Wolf PD, Smith WM, Ideker RE. Predicting patterns of epicardial potentials during ventricular fibrillation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1995;42:898-907.
  14. Bettermann H, Van Leeuwen P. Evidence of phase transitions in heart period dynamics. Biol Cybern. 1998;78:63-70.
  15. Bigger JT, Jr., Steinman RC, Rolnitzky LM, Fleiss JL, Albrecht P, Cohen RJ. Power law behavior of RR-interval variability in healthy middle-aged persons, patients with recent acute myocardial infarction, and patients with heart transplants. Circulation. 1996;93:2142-51.
  16. Böcker D, Bänsch D, Heinecke A, Weber M, Brunn J, Hammel D, Borggrefe M, Breithardt G, Block M. Potential benefit from implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in patients with and without heart failure. Circulation. 1998;98:1636-43.
  17. Bonnet MH, Arand DL. Heart rate variability: sleep stage, time of night, and arousal influences. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1997;102:390-6.
  18. Braun C, Kowallik P, Freking A, Hadeler D, Kniffki KD, Meesmann M. Demonstration of nonlinear componnts in heart rate variability of healthy persons. Am J Physiol. 1998;275:H1577-84.
  19. Britton A, Shipley M, Malik M, Hnatkova K, Hemingway H, Marmot M Changes in heart rate and heart rate variability over time in middle-aged men and women in the general population (from the Whitehall II Cohort Study). Am J Cardiol. 2007 Aug 1;100(3):524-7
  20. Carpeggiani C, Emdin M, Bonaguidi F, Landi P, Michelassi C, Trivella MG, Macerata A, L’Abbate A. Personality traits and heart rate variability predict long-term cardiac mortality after myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2005 Aug;26(16):1612-7.
  21. Chandola T, Britton A, Brunner E, Hemingway H, Malik M, Kumari M, Badrick E, Kivimaki M, Marmot M. Work stress and coronary heart disease: what are the mechanisms? Eur Heart J. 2008 Mar;29(5):640-8.
  22. Cavallari JM, Fang SC, Eisen EA, Schwartz J, Hauser R, Herrick RF, Christiani DC Time course of heart rate variability decline following particulate matter exposures in an occupational cohort. Inhal. Toxicol; 2008 Feb
  23. Chen WL, Chen JH, Huang CC, Kuo CD, Huang CI, Lee LS. Heart rate variability measures as predictors of in-hospital mortality in ED patients with sepsis. Am J Emerg Med. 2008 May;26(4):395-401.
  24. Christini DJ, Bennett FM, Lutchen KR, Ahmed HM, Hausdorff JM, Oriol N. Application of linear and nonlinear time series modeling to heart rate dynamics analysis. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1995;42:411-5.
  25. Cooley RL, Montano N, Cogliati C, van de Borne P, Richenbacher W, Oren R, Somers VK. Evidence for a central origin of the low-frequency oscillation in RR- interval variability. Circulation. 1998;98:556-61.
  26. Cysarz D, Van Leeuwen P, Bettermann H. Irregularities and nonlinearities in fetal heart period time series in the course of pregnancy. Herzschr Elektrophys. 2000;11:179-183.
  27. Dekker JM, Crow RS, Folsom AR, Hannan PJ, Liao D, Swenne CA, Schouten EG. Low heart rate variability in a 2-minute rhythm strip predicts risk of coronary heart disease and mortality from several causes: the ARIC Study. Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities. Circulation. 2000;102:1239-44.
  28. Dewey FE, Freeman JV, Engel G, Oviedo R, Abrol N, Ahmed N, Myers J, Froelicher VF. Novel predictor of prognosis from exercise stress testing: heart rate variability response to the exercise treadmill test. Am Heart J. 2007 Feb;153(2):281-8
  29. Ducher M, Cerutti C, Gustin MP, Paultre CZ. Statistical relationships between systolic blood pressure and heart rate and their functional significance in conscious rats. Med Biol Eng Comput. 1994;32:649-55.
  30. Eckberg DL. Sympathovagal balance: a critical appraisal. Circulation. 1997;96:3224-32.
  31. Fauchier L, Babuty D, Autret ML, Poret P, Cosnay P, Fauchier JP. Influence of duration and hour of recording on spectral measurements of heart rate variability. J Auton Nerv Syst. 1998;73:1-6.
  32. Felber Dietrich D, Ackermann-Liebrich U, Schindler C, Barthélémy JC, Brändli O, Gold DR, Knöpfli B, Probst-Hensch NM, Roche F, Tschopp JM, von Eckardstein A, Gaspoz JM; Sapaldia team. Effect of physical activity on heart rate variability in normal weight, overweight and obese subjects: results from the SAPALDIA study. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008 Oct;104(3):557-65
  33. Fetsch T, Podstufka T, Rieger G. Analysis of Heart Rate Variability from RR-Interval Recordings of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators. Prog Biomed Res. 2000;5:254-258.
  34. Franklin SS, Khan SA, Wong ND, Larson MG, Levy D. Is pulse pressure useful in predicting risk for coronary heart Disease? The Framingham heart study. Circulation. 1999;100:354-60.
  35. Friedman EH. Heart rate variability and sleep [letter; comment]. Circulation. 1996;93:1256.
  36. Gold DR, Litonjua A, Schwartz J, Lovett E, Larson A, Nearing B, Allen G, Verrier M, Cherry R, Verrier R. Ambient pollution and heart rate variability. Circulation. 2000;101:1267-73.
  37. Goldberger JJ. Sympathovagal balance: how should we measure it? Am J Physiol. 1999;276:H1273-80.
  38. Griffith TM. Temporal chaos in the micrcirculation. Cardiovasc Res. 1996;31:342-58.
  39. Guzzetti S, Signorini MG, Cogliati C, Mezzetti S, Porta A, Cerutti S, Malliani A. Non-linear dynamics and chaotic indices in heart rate variability of normal subjects and heart-transplanted patients. Cardiovasc Res. 1996;31:441-6.
  40. Guzzetti S, La Rovere MT, Pinna GD, Maestri R, Borroni E, Porta A, Mortara A, Malliani A. Different spectral components of 24 h heart rate variability are related to different modes of death in chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2005 Feb;26(4):357-62.
  41. Hagerman I, Berglund M, Lorin M, Nowak J, Sylven C. Chaos-related deterministic regulation of heart rate variability in time- and frequency domains: effects of autonomic blockade and exercise. Cardiovasc Res. 1996;31:410-8.
  42. Hayano J, Yasuma F, Okada A, Mukai S, Fujinami T. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia. A phenomenon improving pulmonary gas exchange and circulatory efficiency. Circulation. 1996;94:842-7.
  43. Hennen R, Friedrich I, Hoyer D, Nuding S, Rauchhaus M, Schulze M, Schlisske S, Schwesig R, Schlitt A, Buerke M, Müller-Werdan U, Werdan K, Schmidt H. Autonomic dysfunction and beta-adrenergic blockers in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2008 Nov;133(48)
  44. Ho KK, Moody GB, Peng CK, Mietus JE, Larson MG, Levy D, Goldberger AL. Predicting survival in heart failure case and control subjects by use of fully automated methods for deriving nonlinear and conventional indices of heart rate dynamics. Circulation. 1997;96:842-8.
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  46. Hojgaard MV, Holstein-Rathlou NH, Agner E, Kanters JK. Dynamics of spectral components of heart rate variability during changes in autonomic balance. Am J Physiol. 1998;275:H213-9.
  47. Horner SM, Murphy CF, Coen B, Dick DJ, Harrison FG, Vespalcova Z, Lab MJ. Contribution to heart rate variability by mechanoelectric feedback. Stretch of the sinoatrial node reduces heart rate variability. Circulation. 1996;94:1762-7.
  48. Houle MS, Billman GE. Low-frequency component of the heart rate variability spectrum: a poor marker of sympathetic activity. Am J Physiol. 1999;276:H215-23.
  49. Hoyer D, Schmidt K, Zwiener U, Bauer R. Characterization of complex heart rate dynamics and their pharmacological disorders by non-linear prediction and special data transformations. Cardiovasc Res. 1996;31:434-40.
  50. Hoyer D, Liebovitch LS, Schmidt K, Luethke B, Zwiener U. Practical problems of determining the dimensions of heart rate data. Med Biol Eng Comput. 1997;35:27-32.
  51. Hoyer D, Hader O, Zwiener U. Relative and intermittent cardiorespiratory coordination. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 1997;16:97-104.
  52. Hoyer D, Schmidt K, Bauer R, Zwiener U, Kohler M, Luthke B, Eiselt M. Nonlinear analysis of heart rate and respiratory dynamics IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 1997;16:31-9.
  53. Hoyer D, Kaplan D, Palus M, Pompe B, Seidel H. New systems–analytical approaches to nonlinear coordination. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 1998;17:58-61.
  54. Hoyer D, Kaplan D, Schaaff F, Eiselt M. Determinism in bivariate cardiorespiratory phase-space sets. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 1998;17:26-31.
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  57. Hoyer D, Bauer R, Walter B, Zwiener U. Estimation of nonlinear couplings on the basis of complexity and predictability–a new method applied to cardiorespiratory coordination. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1998;45:545-52.
  58. Huikuri HV, Seppanen T, Koistinen MJ, Airaksinen J, Ikaheimo MJ, Castellanos A, Myerburg RJ. Abnormalities in beat-to-beat dynamics of heart rate before the spontaneous onset of life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with prior myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1996;93:1836-44.
  59. Huikuri HV, Makikallio TH, Airaksinen KE, Seppanen T, Puukka P, Raiha IJ, Sourander LB. Power-law relationship of heart rate variability as a predictor of mortality in the elderly. Circulation. 1998;97:2031-6.
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  64. Ju K, Armoundas AA, Holstein-Rathlou NH, Jan KM, Chon K. Prediction of the outcome of electrophysiologic study using nonlinear dynamic analysis of heart rate fluctuations. Herzschr Elektrophys. 2000;11:88-101.
  65. Julian DG, Camm AJ, Frangin G, Janse MJ, Munoz A, Schwartz PJ, Simon P. Randomised trial of effect of amiodarone on mortality in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction after recent myocardial infarction: EMIAT. European Myocardial Infarct Amiodarone Trial Investigators [published errata appear in Lancet 1997 Apr 19;349(9059):1180 and 1997 Jun 14;349(9067):1776] [see comments]. Lancet. 1997;349:667-74.
  66. Kanters JK, Hojgaard MV, Agner E, Holstein-Rathlou NH. Short- and long-term variations in non-linear dynamics of heart rate variability. Cardiovasc Res. 1996;31:400-9.
  67. Khadra LM, Maayah TJ, Dickhaus H. Detecting chaos in HRV signals in human cardiac transplant recipients. Comput Biomed Res. 1997;30:188-99.
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